Agricultural occupations are hazardous, with one of the highest rates of workplace injuries and fatalities in the U.S. The work’s manual and often strenuous nature, combined with the use of machinery and exposure to environmental hazards, create a challenging work environment.
Understanding the nature and causes of injuries can help improve safety guidelines and policy measures. However, the absence of a central reporting system hinders obtaining a comprehensive overview of injuries. Two new papers from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign systematically review academic literature on agricultural injuries in the U.S. and globally.
“When it comes to agriculture, there’s no single source for injury data. In other occupations, work injuries in the U.S. must be reported to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, but farm work is often exempt from these requirements because many farms are small and have less than ten full-time employees,” said Salah Issa, an assistant professor in the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ABE) and an Illinois Extension specialist; both units are part of the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES) at Illinois. ABE is also part of The Grainger College of Engineering at Illinois.
“There have been a lot of grassroots efforts to track surveillance data, but they are based on different methods so it’s hard to get a complete look at agricultural injuries. Our work combines results into one large dataset, providing a comprehensive overview of previous research,” Issa explained.
In the first study, the researchers conducted a systematic literature review of 48 academic papers published in the U.S. and Canada from 1985 to 2022.
“We identified five different surveillance methods: newspaper clippings, surveys, death certificates, hospital records and emergency medical services (EMS) data, and multiple sources,” said Sihan Li, a doctoral student in ABE and lead author on the first paper.
The researchers also analyzed and categorized information such as the type and source of injury, the event leading up to it, and the gender of the victim.
Overall, vehicles (including tractors and ATVs) were the most common source of injury, with over 55,000 incidents reported, as well as the leading source of fatalities. Other significant causes of injury included machinery, slips and trips, animals, chemicals, and tools. Men were more than twice as likely as women to be victims of injury. Age varied by surveillance method, with newspaper clippings skewed to younger victims (22 percent of incidents) and death certificates skewed to older victims (30 percent over 65).
In the second study, the researchers reviewed 69 articles from 17 countries in North America, Europe, and Asia, including the U.S., Canada, Turkey, India, Pakistan, Austria, Italy, and others.
These studies identified hospital records as the main data source, followed by surveys, government records (including death certificates), insurance claims, and multiple sources.
“For the global perspective, we narrowed our scope to focus primarily on machine-related injuries, which involves tractors and farm equipment,” said Mian Muhammad Sajid Raza, a doctoral student in ABE and lead author on the second paper.
The researchers found that tractors stand out as the leading cause of fatal incidents, with tractor overturns accounting for 45% of all machinery-related incidents in North America. Furthermore, injuries linked overall to agricultural machinery significantly contribute to both fatal and non-fatal incidents.
“It is also interesting to look at other sources of injury. In North America and Europe, animals are the cause of less than 3 percent of all injuries. But in Asia, animals represent 7 percent of the total injuries and 35 percent of the fatalities. This is likely because farming is less automated, and animals are still used extensively in some Asian countries,” Raza said.
Research shows that agriculture is dangerous globally, with injuries reported in at least three continents. Overall trends are as expected, with vehicles and machinery playing a large role in injuries and fatalities, Issa noted.
“One of our most important findings is that the way you conduct injury surveillance will impact your results,” he said. “For example, if you use newspaper clippings, your findings will skew towards a younger age group. The discrepancies are so large it’s clearly worth evaluating the type of surveillance methods employed, and it’s important to use multiple sources to get a good picture of what’s going on.”
Issa concluded that understanding the nature and source of injuries is important for developing educational programs and interventions.
